January 2025

Definition of "woke" and related terms.

The Two Wokes

In 1962, novelist William Melvin Kelley provided “a hip assist” to white New York Times readers by translating the black slang term “woke” as “well-informed, up-to-date.” Four decades later, singer-rapper-songwriter Erykah Badu revealed through her song “Master Teacher” that she “stay[s] woke,” and implored her audience to do the same. The early 2010s saw the […]

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Hand controlling puppet from smartphone screen.

Digital Hate and the Paradox of Tolerance

The paradox of tolerance, first outlined by Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper, explains that the attractive glitter of universal tolerance may not actually be gold. The paradox suggests that if a society is truly tolerant of everything then it must also be tolerant of intolerance, introducing a slippery slope that could eventually see intolerance completely supplanting

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Children pledging allegiance to the flag.

Deference by Design

When I was first taught to memorize and recite the Pledge of Allegiance, I neither knew what “pledge” nor “allegiance” meant. They were empty, formless words, meaningful to me only because they appeared meaningful to my teacher and my classmates. It’s worth noting (as humbly as possible, I promise) that I always outpaced those classmates

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